Posts Tagged ‘KSR’

Obviousness Objections Based On Combinations Of References – Consistent Warnings From The CAFC

Wednesday, August 31st, 2011

By Paul Cole, Professor of Intellectual Property Law, Bournemouth University; Lucas & Co, Warlingham, UK

Those prosecuting patent applications before the USPTO, the EPO and other examining patent offices confront on a daily basis objections of the kind: “A is known from X, B is known from Y; there was no invention in combining A with B.” Such objections are time-consuming to counter and often seem to a prosecuting attorney and his or her client less than reasonable. A sequence of recent decisions from the CAFC provides a clear indication that objections of this kind are being made too freely and too often.

In re Arnold G. Klein decided 6th June 2011 was a unanimous opinion of Judges Newman, Schall and Linn. It concerned a jug for mixing nectar having two compartments separated by a movable divider. Sugar (presumably in granular form) could be placed in one compartment and water in the other, after which the divider could be removed and a correct mixture for hummingbirds and other specific creatures that it was intended to feed could be obtained. The USPTO Appeal Board held that the claimed subject matter lacked inventive step having regard inter alia to various primary references disclosing office drawers with movable partitions using as secondary reference admitted knowledge in the prior art of the appropriate sugar to water ratios for the creatures that it was intended to feed. The CAFC unequivocally rejected the cited primary references as analogous art on the ground that they were neither within the field of endeavour of the invention nor reasonably pertinent to the problem with which the invention was involved. In a footnote the Court rejected the proposition that the problem with which the inventor was concerned could be arbitrarily redefined to support an obviousness rejection and went on to comment that:

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Innovation Toys And Analogous Art – Defender Against Hindsight?

Wednesday, March 23rd, 2011

There is nothing particularly surprising in the recent Fed. Cir. decision of Innovation Toys v. MGA Entertainment, App. No. 2010-1290 (Fed. Cir. March 21, 2011) (a copy is available at the end of this post), which reversed a District Court finding of unobviousness, except that the District Court had erroneously found that a key piece of prior art – an 80’s electronic chess-type laser game, was nonanalogous art to the patent-in-suit on a 3-dimensional laser-target board game. Nonanalogous art decisions are rare, so this is an opportunity to revisit what is, after all, an important part of the Graham v. Deere test for obviousness. Graham v Deere requires that the differences between the claimed invention and the relevant art be considered in resolving obviousness. The key word here is “relevant art,” and how far afield Examiners and Courts can travel to find it.

Most commentators concluded that KSR further weakened the practical usefulness of this test, with the language that the POSA might be led to elements of the art other than those designed to solve the problem addressed by the invention:

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Happy Birthday Patents4Life – We Are 2!

Thursday, March 3rd, 2011

Well almost. The first posts on Patents4Life were dated March 24, 2009. One was on a fairly obscure decision, SRI International (the prior art effect of internet postings), but the other two were on the Fed. Cir.’s summary affirmance of the district court’s finding of invalidity in Classen (applying Bilski as they saw it) and on the Board’s decision ex parte Kubin (that went on to invalidate a DNA patent as obvious to try in the wake of KSR). These decisions were just the first ripples of the tidal wave of judicial decisions at all levels that have limited the scope of patent protection. While the Supreme Court in Festo facially rejected the absolute bar to the application of the doctrine of equivalents endorsed by the Fed. Cir., no one would have picked it as the high water mark of pro-patent case law in our time. The presumptive surrender of access to the DOE has proven daunting to the use of the DOE in practice. But compared to most of the later decisions on central issues of patent law, Festo looks like a beacon of hope.  If you have been reading this blog (or any number of others) over the last two years, the number of “anti-patent” decisions that have been handed down is simply overwhelming.

Now some of them are not yet carved in judicial stone, being at various stages of appeal, but the sum of KSR,  Bilski (well, I guess it was more pro-patent than the strict M or T test it replaced with a test yet-to-be-determined), Ariad v. Lilly (WDR grows up), Lilly v. Sun,(broadened base for obviousness-type double patenting), Centocor v. Abbott (WDR rules),  Microsoft v. i4i (lower evidentiary bar to patent invalidation), Janssen v. Teva (no utility for hypothetical bioactivity), Stanford v. Roche (weakens Bayh-Dole Act), Myriad (DNA and diagnostics are natural phenomena), Therasense v Becton Dickinson (more ways than ever to show inequitable conduct), and the WARF stem cell reexamination (WARF lost at the Board) do not bode well for the system Jefferson hoped would help modernize the young republic.  The only bright spot on this judicial trial of tears was the Fed. Cir.’s affirmance in Prometheus v. Mayo in December that methods of medical treatment and monitoring past muster under Bilski.  And yet, even this modest decision may be reconsidered by the Supreme Court.

Still, the last time the full court addressed the issue of patentable subject matter was in 2001 in Pioneer v. JEM Ag Supply, in which the patent eligibility of plants was affirmed, and the Court refused to back down from Chakrabarty.  The issuance of the Chakrabarty patent was 30 years ago this month and most would agree that granting biotech patents has done our society a lot more good than it has rained evil upon us. Except, perhaps for the folks who are trying to block Obama’s order permitting funding for stem cell research. Or the Myriad plaintiffs. But they are in the minority. Aren’t they?

AUTM Panel To Address A “Myriad” Of Challenges

Thursday, February 24th, 2011

Robert S. MacWright, J.D., Ph.D., the new head of tech transfer at the Salk Institute, will moderate a panel at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) on March 1st in Las Vegas.  The panel, entitled, “The Ever Changing Kaleidoscope of U.S. Patent Law,” will examine what MacWright terms “a decade of meddling by the legislature and the courts.” The “panel of experts” – that will include, Sandra Kuzmich of Frommer Lawrence, Gonzalo Merino, J.D., Ph.D., of Columbia and me – will review the current state of affairs and “with considerable risk of error, [we] will also make predictions about other changes that may lie ahead.”

Apart from encouraging you to attend this session (Tuesday, D1 on the program), the trend of judicial decisions at all levels to weaken patent protection for pharma/biotech inventions is alarming. The big losses like KSR (which eliminated the rigorous TSM test for obviousness), Merck v. Integra (expanded safe harbor for drug research), Ariad (“Yes, Virginia, Section 112 does contain a written description requirement”), and Myriad (No patent protection for DNA or for diagnostics used in personalized medicine) have tended to overshadow smaller but still significant anti-patent decisions like In re Kubin (Deuel reversed), In re Fisher (ESTs and SNPs lack utility) and In re Alonso (good-bye to the “monoclonal antibody exception”).

The Federal Circuit’s holding in Prometheus v. Mayo was one of the few bright spots (methods of screening for drug efficacy and medical treatment are patentable – yea!) but even this decision may be reviewed by the  Supreme Court – again (it granted cert. once). And while it is difficult to see the Supreme Court’s Bilski decision as a good thing, at least an entire category of patentable subject matter was not eliminated. If the “M or T” test had been affirmed, the Federal Circuit would have been required to invalidate most of the Myraid diagnosis claims. Now Judge Rader has to figure out how to support a holding that the Myriad “comparing DNA sequence” claims are less abstract than Bilski’s claims to hedging commodity risk. And he is the judge that the ACLU is trying to recuse as prejudiced in favor of biotech! It’s going to be an interesting year.